SECTIONS | Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 |
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| Preamble |
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| CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY |
1. | Short title |
2. | Repeal of enactments |
3. | Interpretation clause |
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| CHAPTER II: NOTES, BILLS AND CHEQUES |
4. | Promissory note |
5. | Bill of exchange |
6. | Cheque |
7. | Drawer, drawee |
8. | Holder |
9. | Holder in due course |
10. | Payment in due course |
11. | Inland instrument |
12. | Foreign instrument |
13. | Negotiable instrument |
14. | Negotiation |
15. | Endorsement |
16. | Endorsement 'in blank' and 'in full' : 'endorsee' |
17. | Ambiguous instruments |
18. | Where amount is stated differently in figures and words |
19. | Instruments payable on demand |
20. | Inchoate stamped instruments |
21. | At sight, On presentment, After sight |
22. | Maturity |
23. | Calculating maturity of bill or note payable so many months after date or sight |
24. | Calculating maturity of bill or note payable so many days after date or sight |
25. | When day of maturity is a holiday |
26. | Capacity to make etc. promissory notes etc. |
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| CHAPTER III : PARTIES TO NOTES, BILLS AND CHEQUES |
27. | Agency |
28. | Liability of agent signing |
29. | Liability of legal representative signing |
30. | Liability of drawer |
31. | Liability of drawee of cheque |
32. | Liability of maker of note and acceptor of bill |
33. | Only drawee can be acceptor except in need or for honour |
34. | Acceptance by several drawees not partners |
35. | Liability of endorser |
36. | Liability of prior parties to holder in due course |
37. | Maker, drawer and acceptor principals |
38. | Prior party a principal in respect of each subsequent party |
39. | Suretyship |
40. | Discharge of endorser's liability |
41. | Acceptor bound, although endorsement forged |
42. | Acceptance of bill drawn in fictitious name |
43. | Negotiable instrument made, etc. without consideration |
44. | Partial absence or failure of money consideration |
45. | Partial failure of consideration not consisting of money |
45-A. | Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill |
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| CHAPTER IV : NEGOTIATION |
46. | Delivery |
47. | Negotiation by delivery |
48. | Negotiation by endorsements |
49. | Conversion of endorsement in blank into endorsement in full |
50. | Effect of endorsement |
51. | Who may negotiate |
52. | Endorser who excludes his own liability or makes it conditional |
53. | Holder deriving title from holder in due course |
54. | Instrument endorsed in blank |
55. | Conversion of endorsement in blank into endorsement in full |
56. | Endorsement for part of sum due |
57. | Legal representative cannot by delivery only negotiate instrument endorsed by deceased |
58. | Instrument obtained by unlawful means or for unlawful consideration |
59. | Instrument acquired after dishonour or when overdue |
60. | Instrument negotiable till payment or satisfaction |
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| CHAPTER V : PRESENTMENT |
61. | Presentment for acceptance |
62. | Presentment of promissory note for sight |
63. | Drawee's time for deliberation |
64. | Presentment for payment |
65. | Hours for presentment |
66. | Presentment for payment of instrument payable after date or sight |
67. | Presentment for payment of promissory note payable by instalments |
68. | Presentment for payment of instrument payable at specified place and not elsewhere |
69. | Instrument payable at specified place |
70. | Presentment where no exclusive place specified |
71. | Presentment when maker etc. has no known place of business or residence |
72. | Presentment of cheque to charge drawer |
73. | Presentment of cheque to charge any other person |
74. | Presentment of instrument payable at demand |
75. | Presentment by or to agent, representative of deceased, or assignee of insolvent |
75-A. | Excuse for delay in presentment for acceptance or payment |
76. | When presentment unnecessary |
77. | Liability of banker for negligently dealing with bill presented for payment |
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| CHAPTER VI: PAYMENT AND INTEREST |
78. | To whom payment should be made |
79. | Interest when rate specified |
80. | Interest when no rate specified |
81. | Delivery of instrument on payment or indemnity in case of loss |
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| CHAPTER VII : DISCHARGE FROM LIABILITY ON NOTES, BILLS AND CHEQUES |
82. | Discharge from liability |
83. | Discharge by allowing drawee more than 48 hours to accept |
84. | When cheque not duly presented and drawer damaged thereby |
85. | Cheque payable to order |
85-A. | Drafts drawn by one branch of a bank on another payable to order |
86. | Parties not consenting discharged by qualified or limited acceptance |
87. | Affect of material alteration |
88. | Acceptor or endorser bound notwithstanding previous alteration |
89. | Payment of instrument on which alteration is not apparent |
90. | Extinguishment of rights of action on bill in acceptor's hands |
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| CHAPTER VIII: NOTICE OF DISHONOUR |
91. | Dishonour by non-acceptance |
92. | Dishonour by non-payment |
93. | By and to whom notice should be given |
94. | Mode in which notice may be given |
95. | Party receiving must transmit notice of dishonour |
96. | Agent for presentment |
97. | When party to whom notice given is dead |
98. | When notice of dishonour is unnecessary |
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| CHAPTER IX: NOTING AND PROTEST |
99. | Noting |
100. | Protest |
101. | Contents of protest |
102. | Notice of protest |
103. | Protest for non-payment after dishonour by non-acceptance |
104. | Protest of foreign bills |
104-A. | When noting equivalent to protest |
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| CHAPTER X : REASONABLE TIME |
105. | Reasonable time |
106. | Reasonable time of giving notice of dishonour |
107. | Reasonable time for transmitting such notice |
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| CHAPTER XI : ACCEPTANCE AND PAYMENT FOR HONOUR AND REFERENCE IN CASE OF NEED |
108. | Acceptance for honour |
109. | How acceptance for honour must be made |
110. | Acceptance not specifying for whose honour it is made |
111. | Liability of acceptor for honour |
112. | When acceptor for honour may be charged |
113. | Payment for honour |
114. | Right of payer for honour |
115. | Drawee in case of need |
116. | Acceptance and payment without protest |
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| CHAPTER XII : COMPENSATION |
117. | Rules as to compensation |
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| CHAPTER XIII: SPECIAL RULES OF EVIDENCE |
118. | Presumptions as to negotiable instruments |
119. | Presumption on proof of protest |
120. | Estoppel against denying original validity of instrument |
121. | Estoppel against denying capacity of payee to endorse |
122. | Estoppel against denying signature or capacity of prior party |
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| CHAPTER XIV: CROSSED CHEQUES |
123. | Cheque crossed generally |
124. | Cheque crossed specially |
125. | Crossing after issue |
126. | Payment of cheque crossed generally |
127. | Payment of cheque crossed specially more than once |
128. | Payment in due course of crossed cheque |
129. | Payment of crossed cheque out of due course |
130. | Cheque bearing 'not negotiable' |
131. | Non-liability of banker receiving payment of cheque |
131-A. | Application of chapter to drafts |
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| CHAPTER XV: BILLS IN SETS |
132. | Set of bills |
133. | Holder of first acquired part entitled to all |
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| CHAPTER XVI: INTERNATIONAL LAW |
134. | Law governing liability of maker, acceptor or endorser of foreign Instrument |
135. | Law of place of payment governs dishonour |
136. | Instrument made, etc. out of India, but in accordance with the law of India |
137. | Presumption as to foreign law |
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| CHAPTER XVII: PENALTIES IN CASE OF DISHONOUR OF CERTAIN CHEQUES FOR INSUFFICIENCY OF FUNDS IN THE ACCOUNTS |
138. | Dlshonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the accounts |
139. | Presumption in favour of holder |
140. | Defence which may not be allowed in any prosecution under section 138 |
141. | Offences by companies |
142. | Cognizance of offences |
143. | Power of Court to try cases summarily |
144. | Mode of service of summons |
145. | Evidence on affidavit |
146. | Banks slip prima facie evidence of certain facts |
147. | Offences to be compoundable |
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| Schedule-Enactments Repealed |